diff --git a/packages/ui/components/AnnotationToolbar.tsx b/packages/ui/components/AnnotationToolbar.tsx
index adc1da7d..49153ac8 100644
--- a/packages/ui/components/AnnotationToolbar.tsx
+++ b/packages/ui/components/AnnotationToolbar.tsx
@@ -30,8 +30,10 @@ interface AnnotationToolbarProps {
   onRequestComment?: (initialChar?: string) => void;
   /** Called when a quick label chip is selected */
   onQuickLabel?: (label: QuickLabel) => void;
-  /** Text to copy (for text selection, pass source.text) */
+  /** Text to copy when the button is clicked */
   copyText?: string;
+  /** Hide the copy button (set when a keyboard copy handler exists) */
+  hideCopyButton?: boolean;
   /** Close toolbar when element scrolls out of viewport */
   closeOnScrollOut?: boolean;
   /** Exit animation state */
@@ -49,6 +51,7 @@ export const AnnotationToolbar: React.FC<AnnotationToolbarProps> = ({
   onRequestComment,
   onQuickLabel,
   copyText,
+  hideCopyButton = false,
   closeOnScrollOut = false,
   isExiting = false,
   onMouseEnter,
@@ -61,22 +64,29 @@ export const AnnotationToolbar: React.FC<AnnotationToolbarProps> = ({
   const zapButtonRef = useRef<HTMLButtonElement>(null);
   const quickLabels = useMemo(() => getQuickLabels(), []);
 
+  useEffect(() => { setCopied(false); }, [element]);
+
   const handleCopy = async () => {
     let textToCopy = copyText;
     if (!textToCopy) {
       const codeEl = element.querySelector('code');
       textToCopy = codeEl?.textContent || element.textContent || '';
     }
-    await navigator.clipboard.writeText(textToCopy);
+    try {
+      await navigator.clipboard.writeText(textToCopy);
+    } catch {
+      const textarea = document.createElement('textarea');
+      textarea.value = textToCopy;
+      textarea.style.cssText = 'position:fixed;opacity:0';
+      document.body.appendChild(textarea);
+      textarea.select();
+      document.execCommand('copy');
+      textarea.remove();
+    }
     setCopied(true);
     setTimeout(() => setCopied(false), 1500);
   };
 
-  // Reset copied state when element changes
-  useEffect(() => {
-    setCopied(false);
-  }, [element]);
-
   // Update position on scroll/resize
   useEffect(() => {
     const updatePosition = () => {
@@ -196,13 +206,17 @@ export const AnnotationToolbar: React.FC<AnnotationToolbarProps> = ({
         }
       `}</style>
       <div className="flex items-center p-1 gap-0.5">
-        <ToolbarButton
-          onClick={handleCopy}
-          icon={copied ? <CheckIcon /> : <CopyIcon />}
-          label={copied ? "Copied!" : "Copy"}
-          className={copied ? "text-success" : "text-muted-foreground hover:bg-muted hover:text-foreground"}
-        />
-        <div className="w-px h-5 bg-border mx-0.5" />
+        {!hideCopyButton && (
+          <>
+            <ToolbarButton
+              onClick={handleCopy}
+              icon={copied ? <CheckIcon /> : <CopyIcon />}
+              label={copied ? "Copied!" : "Copy"}
+              className={copied ? "text-success" : "text-muted-foreground hover:bg-muted hover:text-foreground"}
+            />
+            <div className="w-px h-5 bg-border mx-0.5" />
+          </>
+        )}
         <ToolbarButton
           onClick={() => handleTypeSelect(AnnotationType.DELETION)}
           icon={<TrashIcon />}
diff --git a/packages/ui/components/Viewer.tsx b/packages/ui/components/Viewer.tsx
index df0b4e93..dac5eb9c 100644
--- a/packages/ui/components/Viewer.tsx
+++ b/packages/ui/components/Viewer.tsx
@@ -192,6 +192,7 @@ export const Viewer = forwardRef<ViewerHandle, ViewerProps>(({
   // anchor ids stay stable across re-renders and duplicate heading texts get
   // `-1`/`-2`/... suffixes rather than colliding on the same id.
   const headingSlugMap = useMemo(() => buildHeadingSlugMap(blocks), [blocks]);
+  const isTouchDevice = useMemo(() => window.matchMedia('(pointer: coarse)').matches, []);
   const [hoveredCodeBlock, setHoveredCodeBlock] = useState<{ block: Block; element: HTMLElement } | null>(null);
   const [isCodeBlockToolbarExiting, setIsCodeBlockToolbarExiting] = useState(false);
   const [hoveredTable, setHoveredTable] = useState<{ block: Block; element: HTMLElement } | null>(null);
@@ -284,9 +285,7 @@ export const Viewer = forwardRef<ViewerHandle, ViewerProps>(({
   // Suppress native context menu on touch devices (prevents cut/copy/paste overlay on mobile)
   useEffect(() => {
     const container = containerRef.current;
-    if (!container) return;
-    const isTouchPrimary = window.matchMedia('(pointer: coarse)').matches;
-    if (!isTouchPrimary) return;
+    if (!container || !isTouchDevice) return;
 
     const handleContextMenu = (e: Event) => {
       e.preventDefault();
@@ -359,30 +358,23 @@ export const Viewer = forwardRef<ViewerHandle, ViewerProps>(({
     return () => window.clearTimeout(timer);
   }, [blocks, locationHash, scrollToAnchor, stickyScrollViewport]);
 
-  // Cmd+C / Ctrl+C keyboard shortcut for copying selected text
+  // Use the native copy event so clipboard writes are synchronous (Safari
+  // rejects the async navigator.clipboard API outside the user-gesture window).
+  // web-highlighter clears the DOM selection on mouseup, so the browser has
+  // nothing to copy by the time Cmd+C fires — we inject the captured text here.
   useEffect(() => {
-    const handleKeyDown = async (e: KeyboardEvent) => {
-      // Check for Cmd+C (Mac) or Ctrl+C (Windows/Linux)
-      if ((e.metaKey || e.ctrlKey) && e.key === 'c') {
-        // Don't intercept if typing in an input/textarea
-        const tag = (e.target as HTMLElement)?.tagName;
-        if (tag === 'INPUT' || tag === 'TEXTAREA') return;
-
-        // If we have an active selection with captured text, use that
-        if (toolbarState?.selectionText) {
-          e.preventDefault();
-          try {
-            await navigator.clipboard.writeText(toolbarState.selectionText);
-          } catch (err) {
-            console.error('Failed to copy:', err);
-          }
-        }
-        // Otherwise let the browser handle default copy behavior
+    const handleCopy = (e: ClipboardEvent) => {
+      const tag = (e.target as HTMLElement)?.tagName;
+      if (tag === 'INPUT' || tag === 'TEXTAREA') return;
+
+      if (toolbarState?.selectionText) {
+        e.preventDefault();
+        e.clipboardData?.setData('text/plain', toolbarState.selectionText);
       }
     };
 
-    document.addEventListener('keydown', handleKeyDown);
-    return () => document.removeEventListener('keydown', handleKeyDown);
+    document.addEventListener('copy', handleCopy);
+    return () => document.removeEventListener('copy', handleCopy);
   }, [toolbarState]);
 
   // Imperative handle — delegates to hook, extends removeHighlight for code blocks
@@ -719,6 +711,7 @@ export const Viewer = forwardRef<ViewerHandle, ViewerProps>(({
               onRequestComment={handleRequestComment}
               onQuickLabel={handleQuickLabel}
               copyText={toolbarState.selectionText}
+              hideCopyButton={!isTouchDevice}
               closeOnScrollOut
             />
           </ToolbarErrorBoundary>